U.S. Senate Republicans have unveiled their version of President Donald Trump's sweeping tax-cut and spending bill that is broadly similar to the legislation that narrowly passed the House of Representatives last month.
The Senate still must debate the bill and pass it, and then the two Republican-controlled chambers will have to resolve their differences before they can send it to Trump to sign into law. Here are some of the biggest differences between the two bills:
TEMPORARY VS. PERMANENT TAX BREAKS
STATE AND LOCAL TAX DEDUCTION
The House version would increase the maximum deduction for state and local tax payments from $10,000 to $40,400 starting in 2026. The Senate version would keep the $10,000 SALT cap in place.
DEDUCTION FOR OLDER AMERICANS
The House would provide a deduction of up to $4,000 for people over 65; the Senate would provide a $6,000 deduction. Both would end after 2028.
NO TAX ON TIPS
Both chambers would provide a deduction for tipped income through 2028. The Senate version caps that deduction at $25,000 while the House does not include a cap.
RETALIATORY (SECTION 899) TAX
Both the House and Senate would allow the U.S. to impose new taxes on residents, businesses and other entities from countries that are found to impose "unfair foreign taxes."
The Senate version would take effect in 2027, one year after the House version would take effect.
CLEAN ENERGY PROJECTS
Both the House and Senate versions would roll back clean-energy incentives created by President Joe Biden's 2022 Inflation Reduction Act, but they differ in their timing.
For example, under the House bill, a tax credit for wind, solar and other clean energy projects would not apply to any project that begins operation after 2028. Projects that began construction after 60 days after the bill became law also would not qualify, even if they were completed before the end of 2028.
The Senate bill, by contrast, would phase out that credit for wind and solar projects through 2027, and phase it out starting in 2033 for hydro, nuclear and geothermal projects.
MEDICAID
Both the House and the Senate would clamp down on "provider taxes," which states levy on Medicaid providers as a way to boost federal funding. The Senate version adds specific language that closes loopholes and prevents states from designing workarounds, which is absent in the House bill.
SPORTS TEAMS
The House bill would cut a tax break for sports-team owners in half. The Senate version does not include that language.
DEBT CEILING
The House bill would raise the U.S. debt ceiling, currently at $36 trillion, by $4 trillion. The Senate bill would raise it by $5 trillion. Congress must act on this by sometime this summer or risk triggering a default on the nation's $36.2 trillion in debt.
COURTS
Both the House and Senate bills seek to limit U.S. judges' power to block federal policies nationwide, a key tool for the federal court system as it considers dozens of challenges to the Trump administration's activities.
The House version would curtail the ability of judges to enforce orders holding administration officials in contempt if they violate these injunctions. The Senate version would limit their ability to issue those injunctions in the first place if the party challenging the government does not post a bond to cover the government's costs if the ruling is later overturned.
