Memorial sirens for generations of Israeli war dead sounded on Monday while air raid sirens warned of incoming shells from the conflict triggered by the Oct. 7 Hamas attack.
Traffic slowed to a standstill for the traditional two-minute silence for Israel's annual Memorial Day, observed the day before Independence Day.
There was one new vigil at the site of a music festival where more than 350 revellers were killed.
Griefstricken relatives stood face-to-face with pictures of the dead erected across a desert field.
"I want to remember her here, and light a candle for her and pray for her," said 31-year-old Naama Kazes whose friend died.
President Isaac Herzog opened commemorations at Jerusalem's Western Wall on Sunday evening with his shirt collar torn in a Jewish mark of mourning.
Speaking after him, armed forces chief Lieutenant-General Herzi Halevi took personal responsibility for the failure to stop the cross-border rampage by Palestinian gunmen, the deadliest day in Israel's history.
Much public anger has focussed on the government of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, a veteran conservative who long promoted himself as guarantor of national security.
Netanyahu has sidestepped questions of his political liability. He casts the war - which has set off a second front with Lebanon and drawn attacks by Iranian-backed militias in Syria, Yemen and Iraq - as a showdown with Tehran that he had long predicted.
"Our beloved, who fell in this war, and in all of Israel's wars ... represent eternal values: love of humanity and people, love of country, readiness to sacrifice, belief in a just cause," Netanyahu said in a speech.
"It's either us - Israel - or them - the Hamas monsters. Either continued existence, liberty, security and prosperity - or destruction, slaughter, rape and enslavement. And we are determined to be victorious in this struggle."
NETANYAHU HECKLED
He was heckled, however, by one mourner in the audience: "Garbage. There's nothing to respect here, he killed my children. Brothers and sisters - what brothers and sisters?" he added, repeating Netanyahu's words.
Some 1,200 people were killed and more than 250 kidnapped on Oct. 7. Since then, a further 273 Israeli soldiers have died, mostly in an assault on Gaza that Palestinian medics say has killed more than 35,000 people.
Swathes of Israel have been evacuated in the south near Gaza and in the north on the border with Lebanon, both of which saw air raid alerts on Monday. The memorial sirens sounded with a fixed tone, while air raid sirens had rising and falling notes, so residents could tell the difference.
Commentator Chen Artzi-Sror wrote in the best-selling newspaper Yedioth Ahronoth that this year it was not a day of remembrance because the "ongoing present of sorrow and loss" was not yet in the past.
"There is no daily routine at a moment when our brothers and sisters are held hostage, when entire swathes of our country are empty of residents, when the list of fallen and wounded grows by the day."
While surveys have found broad Israeli support for the war, views on the government are mixed. Almost half of the public - 48% - wanted ministers to sit out memorial events at military cemeteries, the Israel Democracy Institute think-tank said.
