Spirit Airlines (SAVE.N) was expected to be one of the big travel industry winners after the pandemic. But the no-frills pioneer never found its wings in a changed business and operating landscape.
On Monday, the Florida-based carrier filed for bankruptcy protection. While speculation about Spirit's future began swirling immediately after a federal judge blocked its $3.8-billion merger deal with JetBlue Airways (JBLU.O) in January, analysts say its Chapter 11 filing was longer in the making.
Before the pandemic, Spirit was outpacing the market, luring price-sensitive travelers and forcing larger carriers to introduce their own versions of budget offerings.
The airline's business model of an integrated fleet, keeping planes flying more hours in the day and putting more seats on every aircraft, helped optimize its resources and kept costs down. Its high fleet utilization produced double-digit operating margins for nine straight years until 2020.
But the global health crisis changed the operating environment and travel patterns, and Spirit struggled to adapt.
Spirit's average daily aircraft utilization is down 16% this year versus 2019, fueling cost pressures.
Consumer demand has shifted in favor of full-service airlines in the past two years as middle- and upper-income households were vacationing extensively, while inflation hurt lower-income spenders.
Spirit, like many other airlines, chased growth, but did so by adding more than $2 billion in debt between 2020 and 2023. Sticking to its pre-pandemic playbook, it grew capacity on average by 27% in the past three years in a bid to grab a bigger slice of the leisure travel market.
Analysts urged Spirit and its no-frills peers to slow expansion plans.
Higher labor rates and a snag with RTX's (RTX.N) Pratt & Whitney geared turbofan engines made the situation worse.
Spirit spent 82% of its revenue on non-fuel operating costs in the first half of this year, up about 22 percentage points from 2019. The company said on Monday inflationary pressures have "disproportionately" affected margins for low-fare carriers.
CHASING VACATIONERS
Full-service airlines Delta (DAL.N) and United (UAL.O) have leaned on booming demand for high-margin premium cabins and long-haul international flights to mitigate inflation. United said on Tuesday its bookings to European destinations are up almost 10% versus last year and are nearly 30% higher compared to 2019.
In June, Spirit announced a foray into the high-end travel market, and has said rebranding itself as a higher-value carrier could generate 13% more revenue per passenger.
But Hooman Yazhari, a partner and aviation bankruptcy expert at law firm Michelman & Robinson, said the airline lacked "the muscle and the balance-sheet power" to compete in that market.
"There are so many reasons why this just didn't go right," Yazhari said.
A sluggish return of business travelers after the pandemic also hurt as it sent all American carriers chasing vacationers, causing a glut of airline seats in markets such as Florida and Las Vegas.
Ticket prices sank. Spirit's average fare per passenger was down 19% in the first six months from a year ago. Other budget carriers, such as JetBlue and Frontier Airlines (ULCC.O), have also been in a tailspin.
In April, Frontier's CEO Barry Biffle likened the competition in Florida to "Costco, Sam's Club, Walmart, and Target all opening up on the same block."
The effects were easy to see. Delta shares are up 87% over the last two years, while Frontier and JetBlue have lost 23% and 58%, respectively. Spirit shares lost nearly all of their value before filing for Chapter 11.
Sandeep Dahiya, a professor at Georgetown University, said the company's debt became difficult to service as it has not reported a full-year profit since 2019.
"The writing was pretty much on the wall," Dahiya said.
