The moderation reported by the Commerce Department ‌in its snapshot of gross domestic product on Thursday also reflected continued inventory drawdown to meet the strong domestic demand. The report suggested the economy largely weathered the Middle East conflict last quarter, though renewed hostilities between the United States and Iran posed a downside risk to growth in the second half of the year.

Generous tax refunds this year from President Donald Trump's "One Big Beautiful Bill," which helped to fuel consumer spending last quarter, are behind, leaving households without a ​cushion as gasoline prices resume their upward trend. With the saving rate at a four-year low, consumers are unlikely to continue dipping into savings to maintain their spending, adding to the ​economy's growing vulnerabilities, economists said.

"Underlying growth is solid, but unlikely to be sustained," said Oliver Allen, senior U.S. economist at Pantheon Macroeconomics.

Gross domestic product increased ⁠at a 1.5% annualized rate last quarter, the Commerce Department's Bureau of Economic Analysis said in its advance estimate of second-quarter GDP. Economists polled by Reuters had forecast GDP rising at a 2.1% pace. ​Estimates ranged from a 0.8% rate to a 2.9% pace.

But the survey was conducted before the release of June's advance economic indicators report, which showed a moderate contraction in the goods trade deficit and retail inventories ​unchanged. That data prompted some economists to cut their GDP estimates by as much as 0.8 percentage point. The economy grew at a 2.1% pace in the first quarter.

Consumer spending, which accounts for more than two-thirds of U.S. economic activity, surged at a 3.2% rate after abruptly slowing to a 0.5% growth pace in the January-March quarter.

In addition to larger tax refunds, spending was boosted by higher-income households that are benefiting from strong growth in asset prices, but a recent ​stock market sell-off could slow the momentum. The recently ended FIFA World Cup tournament also likely added to the strength as did midterm election-related spending by nonprofits.

The AI investment boom, which is showing no ​signs of slowing despite investor concerns that valuations of many technology companies have become stretched, also helped to boost domestic demand. Business spending on equipment increased at a 15.2% pace, notching a second straight quarter of double-digit growth.

AI ‌BUILDOUT PULLING ⁠IN IMPORTS

But the AI buildout is heavily reliant on imports, contributing to a widening in the trade deficit. The trade shortfall sliced off 1.01 percentage points from GDP growth, the most since the first quarter of 2025.

A large increase in imports is normally offset by a rise in inventories. But inventories have continued to be depleted because of the strong domestic demand. Inventories subtracted 0.67 percentage point from GDP growth. Government spending contracted at a 0.8% pace as federal outlays declined at a 4.1% rate, imposing a small drag on GDP growth.

Final sales to private domestic purchasers, which excludes trade, inventories and government spending, increased at ​a 3.9% pace. That was the fastest increase ​in this measure of domestic demand since the ⁠first quarter of 2023 and followed a 1.7% pace of growth in the January-March quarter.

U.S. stocks opened higher. The dollar slipped against a basket of currencies. U.S. Treasury yields rose.

The Federal Reserve on Wednesday left its benchmark overnight interest rate in a 3.50%-3.75% range. Three members of the U.S. central bank's policy-setting committee ​dissented. They "preferred" a quarter-percentage-point hike.

The Fed described economic activity as "expanding at a solid pace despite elevated uncertainty that owes, in part, to the conflict ​in the Middle East."

Economists expected ⁠the Fed to raise interest rates as soon as September to quell inflation, which also factored into their expectations for slower economic growth in the second half. Average gasoline prices have risen back above $4 a gallon.

The strength in demand last quarter was accompanied by a surge in inflation. The price index for gross domestic purchases, a key measure of inflation in the U.S. economy, increased at a 5.7% pace. That was the fastest in ⁠four years and ​followed a 3.6% rate of increase in the first quarter. The Personal Consumption Expenditures price index rose at a 5.1% ​rate after advancing at a 4.6% pace in the January-March quarter.

Excluding food and energy, the so-called core PCE inflation increased at a 3.4% pace. The Fed tracks the PCE inflation measures for its 2% target. Though other data from the BEA on Thursday ​showed PCE inflation easing in June, economists shrugged off the moderation and expected price pressures to rise because of the escalation in the Middle East conflict.