The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) cut its key repo rate by a larger-than-expected 50 basis points on Friday and slashed the reserve ratio for banks as low inflation gave policymakers room to focus on supporting growth amid a volatile global economy.
The central bank, however, changed its monetary policy stance from 'accommodative' to 'neutral', stating that it may have limited space for further easing.
Tensions fuelled by U.S. President Donald Trump's trade tariffs and the prospect of an economic slowdown in the United States and elsewhere have fuelled global uncertainty and prompted central banks to act.
China, South Korea and Indonesia have also cut rates to support their economies, although not to the extent of the RBI's 100 basis point reduction in less than six months.
"Certainty in the uncertain environment was necessary; hence the front-loading of rate cuts," RBI governor Sanjay Malhotra said at a press conference following Friday's decision.
The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC), which consists of three RBI officials and three external members, cut the repo rate (INREPO=ECI) to 5.50%. It has now cut rates across three consecutive meetings in 2025, starting with a quarter-point reduction in February, its first cut since May 2020. It made a similar-sized cut in April.
Five of the six committee members voted in favour of the decision.
The RBI also cut the cash reserve ratio by 100 basis points to 3%, adding to already surplus liquidity. The cut will take effect in four stages between September and December.
"The change in the growth-inflation dynamics calls for not only continuing with policy easing but also the MPC felt front-loading the rate cuts to support growth," Malhotra said.
"After having cut the policy rate by 100 basis points in quick succession since February 2025, the monetary policy committee also felt that under the present circumstances, monetary policy is now left with very limited space to support growth," he said.
"Today’s monetary policy actions should be seen as a step towards propelling growth to a higher aspirational trajectory," Malhotra said, adding the aspiration is for growth of between 7% and 8%.
Markets swung sharply on the unexpectedly large cut in rates and the signal that the monetary easing cycle may be over.
India's benchmark 10-year bond yield was little changed at 6.19%, after dropping 10 basis points earlier, while the rupee was little changed at 85.85, after dropping as much as 0.2%. The benchmark equity indexes were up around 0.7% each in a volatile trading session, and bank stocks surged.
"The central bank has chosen to front-load the growth adrenaline," said Shubhada Rao, head of Mumbai-based economics advisory firm QuantEco Research. "Going forward we do not expect rate cuts over the next two policy reviews in August and October."
BENIGN INFLATION
The central bank cut its inflation projection for the current financial year and now expects it to average 3.7% compared to 4% previously.
Retail inflation has slowed more quickly than expected in recent months and dropped to a near 6-year low of 3.16% in April, sharply below the RBI's medium-term target of 4%.
The outlook for inflation points towards benign prices across major constituents, the MPC said in its statement.
Inflation is expected to align with the central bank's target and is also "likely to undershoot the target at the margin", the statement said.
Sridhar Sivaram, investment director at portfolio management firm Enam Holdings who had expected a 50 bps cut, says inflation may fall as low as 3%, leaving space for another 25-50 basis points in rate cuts in this cycle.
BOOSTING LENDING
With a steeper than expected cut in policy rates and ample liquidity, the central bank is prodding banks to lend more and at lower rates.
"The ball is in the banks’ court to transmit easier financial conditions faster," said Madhavi Arora, chief economist at Emkay Financial Services.
Bank loan growth dipped to 9.8% in May 2025, reflecting a broad-based decline in lending in the economy, a report from the economic research division of State Bank of India said ahead of the policy review, calling for a 50 bps rate cut.
"Monetary policy is not a sufficient condition but it is necessary condition," Malhotra said, adding the central bank was confident its announcements would help boost lending.
