World farm production has ​outpaced consumption and population growth since the 1980s, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and analysts say.

The changes have been driven by higher-yielding crop varieties, greater use of fertiliser and ‌improved irrigation and crop protection, lifting yields of staples such as rice, wheat, corn and soybeans.

"Even during drought conditions, better irrigation management and crop science mean we can still produce marketable yields," said Andrew Whitelaw of Australian agricultural consultancy Episode 3.

"The potential impact on global food supplies and prices exists, but our improved preparedness means the disruptions are much less severe than they would have been in previous decades."

EL NINO GATHERS FORCE

Dryness brought by El Nino has already disrupted crop planting across large parts of Asia, ​including India, Southeast Asia and Australia, while shortages of fertiliser and diesel caused by the Iran war add to global food production risks.

India is battling a deficient monsoon season, while prospects of drier weather loom ​in Australia's key wheat-growing regions and crops across Southeast Asia, including Indonesia and Thailand, are suffering from lack of moisture.

The outlook could worsen, as an already strong El ⁠Nino will intensify in the fourth quarter and early next year, said Chris Hyde, a U.S.-based meteorologist at satellite data and imagery firm SkyFi.

"Expectations are that it will be one of the strongest on record, or the ​strongest the world has ever seen, and that means the big impact of dryness has yet to come."

A warming of ocean surface temperatures in the eastern and central Pacific, the El Nino weather phenomenon typically brings dryness ​to much of Asia and boosts rainfall across the Americas.

In 1997-98 and 2015-16, severe El Nino episodes slashed production of key crops, fuelling food shortages, inflation and sapping economic growth.

Prices of sugar and palm oil jumped after drought cut output in those years in Brazil, India, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand, while tightening rice supplies prompted Southeast Asian producers to curb exports.

Drought also reduced Australian wheat exports and forced southern African countries to boost imports of corn.

RECORD INVENTORIES

This time, near-record grain inventories, drought-tolerant seeds, better weather forecasting, ​precision agriculture, improved irrigation and the emergence of newer export powerhouses are poised to cushion much of the fallout.

In key crop producer India, sowing has kept broadly on track after overcoming a substantial initial lag, although ​rains in August and September will be crucial for maturity and grain formation, said Ashwini Bansod, vice president for commodities research at Phillip Capital India in Mumbai.

However, India, which accounts for 40% of global rice exports, has so much rice that ‌it is ⁠exhausting storage for stockpiles equivalent to more than a year of total global exports.

Nearly half the world's ample global wheat stocks are held by China, the world's top producer and consumer of the grain, furnishing a reserve that should help curb import demand if drought dents production in key supplier Australia.

Global palm oil stocks stand near historic highs, although Indonesia's aggressive biodiesel programme is likely to trim inventories in coming months. Palm oil accounts for about 60% of global edible oil exports.

EXPORTERS RUSSIA, BRAZIL

The emergence of new export hubs that barely existed a few decades ago has added significant supplies to global markets.

Brazil, for example, has become the world's biggest soybean supplier with exports ​climbing more than 13-fold since 1997/98, while Russia's wheat ​shipments jumped to 48 million tons last year ⁠from roughly 1 million tons in 1997/98.

Researchers have evolved drought-tolerant corn hybrids widely adopted across Africa and the Americas since 2015, helping farmers maintain yields during spells of dryness and erratic rainfall.

Heat- and drought-tolerant wheat varieties have also gained ground in India and Australia, where advances in plant breeding have boosted resilience to water and heat stress, shaving ​the risk of sharp losses from adverse weather.

In South and Southeast Asia, short-duration rice varieties help farmers cope with increasingly erratic monsoon rains.

Farmers are now equipped with ​a suite of digital tools barely ⁠available during the El Nino event of 1997-98, from satellite-based crop monitoring and seasonal climate forecasts to high-resolution soil moisture maps and GPS-guided fertiliser application that let them target inputs more efficiently.

"Governments have much better information than in the past and are able to prepare earlier," FAO Chief Economist Maximo Torero told Reuters. "Our forecasting and market transparency have improved."

Farmers are flocking to AI-powered advisory platforms that integrate weather forecasts, soil data and crop information to provide timely recommendations on planting ⁠dates, irrigation, fertiliser ​use and pest management.

Still, wars in the Middle East and the Black Sea region temper some of that optimism, experts warned.

"Much will ​depend on how conditions evolve during the second half of 2026, particularly given the reduced use of agricultural inputs caused by the Strait of Hormuz crisis and higher fertiliser prices," Torero said.

The Strait of Hormuz carried about a fifth of global crude oil and liquefied ​natural gas supplies before it was blockaded during the Iran war that began in February, disrupting global fuel and fertiliser supplies.